The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and Its Implications for Planners

Private tutoring is an important phenomenon that has arisen in a wide variety of countries and it can have significant educational, social, and economic ramifications. However, due to the fact that it is a service provided outside the planning and control of the formal education system, the available information on its pervasiveness and potential implications is scarce. Mark Bray proposes one of the first studies of this phenomenon through the systematization and analysis of existing information.